How a New Pope Is Chosen After Pope Francis’ Death

The death of Pope Francis has ushered the Roman Catholic Church into a moment of global mourning and the start of a centuries-old ritual to select a new pope. This sacred transition, while deeply traditional, has evolved slightly with time. The eyes of 1.3 billion Catholics and the wider world now turn to the Vatican, where cardinals from around the globe will gather to elect a new spiritual leader.

The Papal Interregnum: What Happens First?

The period between the death of one pope and the election of another is known as the Papal Interregnum. With Francis’ passing, this phase began immediately. During this time, the College of Cardinals assumes temporary governance of the Church, though without the authority to make any major doctrinal decisions.

The first official step is the Novendiales, a nine-day mourning period during which daily masses are held, and the pope’s body is displayed in St. Peter’s Basilica. A funeral Mass is traditionally held between the fourth and sixth day after death. As seen during Pope John Paul II’s funeral in 2005, global leaders and thousands of mourners are expected to attend, highlighting the global significance of the papacy.

In Argentina, Pope Francis’ homeland, vigils and tributes are also expected, especially in Buenos Aires, where he served as Archbishop before becoming pope.

When and How Is a New Pope Chosen?

Once the mourning period concludes, the focus shifts to electing a new pope. The process takes place within the Sistine Chapel, behind closed doors, in what’s called the conclave. Cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote; currently, 136 cardinals qualify, though papal rules suggest a cap of 120.

The conclave usually begins 15 to 20 days after the pope’s death to allow time for all cardinals to arrive in Rome. Once gathered, they cast secret ballots up to four times a day—two votes in the morning, and two in the afternoon. If no candidate receives a two-thirds majority, the process continues, punctuated by periods of prayer and discussion to encourage consensus.

Each vote is symbolically and literally sealed. After voting, the ballots are burned. If no decision is made, a chemical is added to produce black smoke from the Sistine Chapel chimney. When a pope is finally chosen, white smoke is released, signaling the joyful news to the waiting crowds in St. Peter’s Square and beyond.

The New Pope’s First Appearance

Roughly an hour after the white smoke appears, the newly elected pope will step out onto the central balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica. A cardinal will proclaim, “Habemus Papam” (“We have a pope”), and announce the name of the chosen pontiff. The pope will give his first public blessing and deliver a brief address. A formal inauguration Mass will follow in the days ahead.

Why This Decision Matters

The choice of a new pope is one of the most significant decisions in the Catholic Church, shaping doctrine, global outreach, and moral leadership. Pope Francis was known for his more compassionate tone on issues like homosexuality, the environment, and social justice. Whether the Church continues in this direction or chooses a more conservative leader will send a strong signal about its future path.

Another pressing issue is the Church’s handling of clergy sexual abuse, a crisis that has shaken the faith of millions. The next pope’s record on addressing such matters will be heavily scrutinized by the public and Church members alike.

As the conclave approaches, the world waits—not just for a new religious leader, but for a symbol of the Church’s evolving identity in a rapidly changing world.